The same increase in friction was manifesting in the area of technology. This competition is high-stakes: the number of internet users has gone up from 1. And, artificial intelligence could increase economic growth by as much as 30 percent over the coming 15 years in those countries that master the technology. This is why there is a sense that controlling—rather than cooperating on—frontier technologies is a path toward material and geopolitical gain. Only weeks after the collapse of Lehman Brothers, central banks around the world coordinated in cutting interest rates.
The key lesson from the financial crisis was that coordination stemmed not from selflessness among parties, but precisely because it was in the interest of each party to work together. The global economy was so interconnected that a financial crisis in one country affected markets not just in another but in all those around the world. Today, the world is even more intertwined than it was 12 years ago.
The coronavirus—the effects of which have spanned borders and industries—makes this clear. And just as the coronavirus respects no line on a map, neither do cyberattacks nor greenhouse gas emissions nor economic challenges.
Only through coordinated action can the world climb out of a deeper-than-expected recession in as project ed by the International Monetary Fund, with global output declining by 4. Strong majorities consistently favored nation-states acting as members of a global community that works together to solve problems.
In each of the 12 countries surveyed, large majorities preferred international cooperation. And in no country did more than one-in-five prefer a world of competing states that pursue their own interests. In almost every one of the 12 countries, those who place themselves on the ideological left were more likely to say countries should act as part of a global community than those on the ideological right.
This divide was particularly large in the U. It organizes the public into nine distinct groups, based on an analysis of their attitudes and values. Even in a polarized era, the survey reveals deep divisions in both partisan coalitions. Pew Research Center now uses as the last birth year for Millennials in our work. President Michael Dimock explains why. Understanding Poverty Topics Regional Integration. Regional Integration The World Bank Group helps its client countries to promote regional integration through common physical and institutional infrastructure.
Regional Integration Home Overview. Specifically, regional integration requires cooperation between countries in: Trade, investment and domestic regulation; Transport, ICT and energy infrastructure; Macroeconomic and financial policy; The provision of other common public goods e.
Regional integration allows countries to: Improve market efficiency; Share the costs of public goods or large infrastructure projects; Decide policy cooperatively and have an anchor to reform; Have a building block for global integration; Reap other non-economic benefits, such as peace and security. However, there are risks to regional integration that need to be identified and managed.
Countries may have different preferences on priorities for regional integration, depending on their connectivity gaps, economic geography, or preferences for sovereignty in specific areas. Lack of adequate complementary policies and institutions may lead to inefficient outcomes.
Other nations were congratulatory and welcomed China to the space community. She also commented on the details of the new U. She thinks the vision should be inclusive and international. The strategic vision for space differs from country to country. The United States has established itself as international power but now needs to be an international leader.
There are many different reasons for international cooperation in space. For example, Japan desires research under microgravity conditions. Johnson-Freese mentioned that pulling such research from the future ISS plans would be bad for the Japanese. Europe looks to form a European identity. China looks for legitimacy. Johnson-Freese believes that the United States should not pursue the vision alone because it would be too expensive. She warned that other countries might form partnerships without us.
It is better to be part of the international community. She believes that there is strength in the recognition of infrastructure, but it appears to be somewhat linear in nature—that is, it assumes an equal-increment progression from Step 1 to Step 2 to Step 3. She suggested that this incremental progression was improbable and that it is possible to emphasize process over product.
She stressed that NASA should not become mired in process and organization rather than product. Pryke said there were a few examples of industry consolidation in Europe that crosses borders e. Johnson-Freese mentioned that China is working with a number of industry partners for viability. However, the chances of getting China involved are slim. Joanne Gabrynowicz began her presentation by mentioning that international cooperation and competition occur in legal and political as well as technical forums.
Events surrounding space technologies and cases have catalyzed the setting of precedents in the law. In general, previous technologies have set the bar for the legal uses of space.
There is also a trend for social conditions to catalyze political and legal responses—for. A Soviet nuclear-powered spy satellite, Cosmos , crashed in northern Canada in Gabrynowicz mentioned that every component of the new U.
Termination of the ISS raises similar concerns, including the fact that all agreements were premised on evolution of the station. Some rights and obligations extend beyond termination. The ISS cooperative agreement is essentially a treaty of sorts.
Permanent lunar base activity will raise issues such as property rights, territory rights versus rights to resources, and military uses. A human Mars mission raises environmental legal issues, informed consent for astronauts issues, and a variety of treaty issues, including whether or not there needs to be a Mars treaty. Gabrynowicz identified potential legal issues that arose from discussions in this workshop. The Outer Space Treaty 6 provides that nonexclusive access to space is a right of all signatories.
Project Prometheus could raise additional legal issues. The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty prohibits nuclear explosions in space. Will Prometheus technology involve explosions regardless of size? The NPS Principles distinguish between reactors and radioisotope generators and specify design requirements.
Will Prometheus technology meet these? Other nuclear uses may violate United Nations principles on nuclear power sources. Using the Moon is also extremely controversial. The Outer Space Treaty is silent on property rights. Gabrynowicz believes legally that there is nothing that prohibits commercial use of the Moon under government supervision.
Modes of international interaction range from competition e. The Russians have indicated in this forum that they want to eliminate the existing treaties and start over with a comprehensive treaty. Gabrynowicz also mentioned that space activities are increasingly blurring the line between military use and civil use, increasing the technology divide.
She also noted that a new generation of space law is emerging as new spacefarers like China and Nigeria become active.
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